Port an Ethereum Dapp to Avalanche

Overview

The purpose of this document is to help you with launching your existing dapp on Avalanche. It contains a series of resources designed to help you get the basics of Avalanche Platform and how it works, show how to connect to the network, how to use your existing tools and environments in developing and deploying on Avalanche, as well as some common pitfalls you need to consider when running your dapp on Avalanche.

Accessing Avalanche C-Chain

C-Chain exposes the same API as go-ethereum, so you can use all the familiar APIs that are available on Ethereum for interaction with the platform.

There are multiple ways of working with the C-Chain.

Through Core

Powered by Avalanche, Core is an all-in-one operating system bringing together Avalanche apps, Subnets, bridges, and NFTs in one seamless, high-performance browser experience. Putting in another way, Core is more than a wallet. It is a curated web3 operating system combining Wallet, Explorer, Bridge, Subnets, dApps, and more.

In your application's web interface, follow this to add Avalanche programmatically.

Through MetaMask

You can access C-Chain through MetaMask, by defining a custom network. Go to MetaMask, log in, click the network dropdown, and select 'Custom RPC'. Data for Avalanche is as follows.

Avalanche Mainnet Settings:

• Network Name: Avalanche Mainnet C-Chain
• New RPC URL: https://api.avax.network/ext/bc/C/rpc
• ChainID: 43114
• Symbol: AVAX
• Explorer: https://snowtrace.io/

Fuji Testnet Settings:

• Network Name: Avalanche Fuji C-Chain
• New RPC URL: https://api.avax-test.network/ext/bc/C/rpc
• ChainID: 43113
• Symbol: AVAX
• Explorer: https://testnet.snowtrace.io/

In your application's web interface, you can add Avalanche programmatically so your users don't have to enter the network data manually.

Using the Public API Nodes or RPC Endpoints

Instead of proxying network operations through MetaMask, you can use the public API, which consists of a number of AvalancheGo nodes behind a load balancer.

The C-Chain API endpoint is https://api.avax.network/ext/bc/C/rpc for the Mainnet and https://api.avax-test.network/ext/bc/C/rpc for the testnet.

For more information, see documentation.

However, public API does not expose all the APIs that are available on the node, as some of them would not make sense on a publicly accessible service, and some would present a security risk. If you need to use an API that is not available publicly, you can run your own node.

Running Your Own Node

If you don't want your dapp to depend on a centralized service you don't control, or have specific needs that cannot be met through the public API, you can run your own node and access the network that way. Running your own node also avoids potential issues with public API congestion and rate-limiting.

For development and experimental purposes, here is a tutorial that shows how to download, build, and install AvalancheGo. Simpler solution is to use the prebuilt binary, available on GitHub.

If you're going to run a node on a Linux machine, you can use the installer script to install the node as a systemd service. Script also handles node upgrading.

If you want to run a node in a docker container, there are build scripts in the AvalancheGo repo for various Docker configs.

Node Configuration

Node configuration options are explained here. But unless you have specific needs, you can mostly leave the main node config options at their default values.

On the other hand, you will most likely need to adjust C-Chain configuration to suit your intended use. You can look up complete configuration options for C-Chain here as well as the default configuration. Note that only the options that are different from their default values need to be included in the config file.

By default, the C-Chain config file is located at $HOME/.avalanchego/configs/chains/C/config.json. We will go over how to adjust the config to cover some common use cases in the following sections.

Running an Archival Node

If you need Ethereum's Archive Node functionality, you need to disable C-Chain pruning, which is enabled by default to conserve disk space. To preserve full historical state, include "pruning-enabled": false in the C-Chain config file.

Running a Node in Debug Mode

By default, debug APIs are disabled. To enable them, you need to enable the appropriate EVM APIs in the config file by including the eth-apis value in your C-Chain config file to include the debug, debug-tracer, and internal-debug APIs.

Example C-Chain Config File

An example C-Chain config file that includes the archival mode, enables debug APIs as well as default EVM APIs:

{
  "eth-apis": [
    "eth",
    "eth-filter",
    "net",
    "web3",
    "internal-eth",
    "internal-blockchain",
    "internal-transaction",
    "debug-tracer"
  ],
  "pruning-enabled": false
}

Default config values for the C-Chain can be seen here.

Running a Local Test Network

If you need a private test network to test your dapp, Avalanche Network Runner is a shell client for launching local Avalanche networks, similar to Ganache on Ethereum.

For more information, see documentation.

Developing and Deploying Contracts

Being an Ethereum-compatible blockchain, all of the usual Ethereum developer tools and environments can be used to develop and deploy dapps for Avalanche's C-Chain.

Remix

There is a tutorial for using Remix to deploy smart contracts on Avalanche. It relies on Core for access to the Avalanche network.

thirdweb

You can also use thirdweb to test and deploy smart contracts on Avalanche. Find out how in this tutorial.

Hardhat

Hardhat is the newest development and testing environment for Solidity smart contracts, and the one our developers use the most. Due to its superb testing support, it is the recommended way of developing for Avalanche.

For more information see this doc.

Avalanche Explorer

An essential part of the smart contract development environment is the explorer, which indexes and serves blockchain data. Mainnet C-Chain explorer is available at https://snowtrace.io/ and testnet explorer at https://testnet.snowtrace.io/. Besides the web interface, it also exposes the standard Ethereum JSON RPC API.

Avalanche Faucet

For development purposes, you will need test tokens. Avalanche has a Faucet that drips test tokens to the address of your choice. If you already have an AVAX balance greater than zero on Mainnet, paste your C-Chain address there, and request test tokens. Otherwise, please request a faucet coupon on Guild. Admins and mods on the official Discord can provide testnet AVAX if developers are unable to obtain it from the other two options.

If you need, you can also run a faucet locally, but building it from the repository.

Contract Verification

Smart contract verification provides transparency for users interacting with smart contracts by publishing the source code, allowing everyone to attest that it really does what it claims to do. You can verify your smart contracts using the C-Chain explorer. The procedure is simple:

• navigate to your published contract address on the explorer
• on the code tab select verify & publish
• copy and paste the flattened source code and enter all the build parameters exactly as they are on the published contract
• click verify & publish

If successful, the code tab will now have a green checkmark, and your users will be able to verify the contents of your contract. This is a strong positive signal that your users can trust your contracts, and it is strongly recommended for all production contracts.

See this for a detailed tutorial with Hardhat.

Contract Security Checks

Due to the nature of distributed apps, it is very hard to fix bugs once the application is deployed. Because of that, making sure your app is running correctly and securely before deployment is of great importance. Contract security reviews are done by specialized companies and services. They can be very expensive, which might be out of reach for single developers and startups. But, there are also automated services and programs that are free to use.

Most popular are:

• Slither, here's a tutorial
• MythX
• Mythril

We highly recommend using at least one of them if professional contract security review is not possible. A more comprehensive look into secure development practices can be found here.

Gotchas and Things to Look out For

Avalanche Platform's C-Chain is EVM-compatible, but it is not identical. There are some differences you need to be aware of, otherwise, you may create subtle bugs or inconsistencies in how your dapps behave.

Here are the main differences you should be aware of.

Measuring Time

Avalanche does not use the same mechanism to measure time as Ethereum which uses consistent block times. Instead, Avalanche supports asynchronous block issuance, block production targets a rate of every 2 seconds. If there is sufficient demand, a block can be produced earlier. If there is no demand, a block will not be produced until there are transactions for the network to process.

Because of that, you should not measure the passage of time by the number of blocks that are produced. The results will not be accurate, and your contract may be manipulated by third parties.

Instead of block rate, you should measure time simply by reading the timestamp attribute of the produced blocks. Timestamps are guaranteed to be monotonically increasing and to be within 30 seconds of the real time.

Finality

On Ethereum, the blockchain can be reorganized and blocks can be orphaned, so you cannot rely on the fact that a block has been accepted until it is several blocks further from the tip (usually, it is presumed that blocks 6 places deep are safe). That is not the case on Avalanche. Blocks are either accepted or rejected within a second or two. And once the block has been accepted, it is final, and cannot be replaced, dropped, or modified. So the concept of 'number of confirmations' on Avalanche is not used. As soon as a block is accepted and available in the explorer, it is final.

Using eth_newFilter and Related Calls with the Public API

If you're using the eth_newFilter API method on the public API server, it may not behave as you expect because the public API is actually several nodes behind a load balancer. If you make an eth_newFilter call, subsequent calls to eth_getFilterChanges may not end up on the same node as the first call, and you will end up with undefined results.

If you need the log filtering functionality, you should use a websocket connection, which ensures that your client is always talking to the same node behind the load balancer. Alternatively, you can use eth_getLogs, or run your own node and make API calls to it.

Support

Using this tutorial you should be able to quickly get up to speed on Avalanche, deploy, and test your dapps. If you have questions, problems, or just want to chat with us, you can reach us on our public Discord server. We'd love to hear from you and find out what you're building on Avalanche!